All posts by Raymond Tomlin

About Raymond Tomlin

Raymond Tomlin is a veteran journalist and educator who has written frequently on the political realm — municipal, provincial and federal — as well as on cinema, mainstream popular culture, the arts, and technology.

Stories of a Life | 1978 | A Lone Activist Voice for Children

Universal Child Care is Possible | The Fight for Universal, Publicly-Funded Child Care Continues

At the outset of 1978, Cathy and I moved from the Interior to Vancouver, in order for me to begin a Master’s programme in Education at Simon Fraser University, the Master’s a requirement for me to assume the job of Principal at the school where I’d been teaching for the previous 2½ years.
For Cathy, life in the Interior had proved challenging. While I taught school during the day — my life all but consumed by my teaching and involvement in the politics of the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation — although for a time Cathy had worked at the Ministry of Human Resources in town, it had become increasingly clear that life in a small, Interior rural town was not for her; Cathy wanted what life could offer in a thriving metropolitan centre.

Teaching in a rural community in the Interior of the province of British Columbia

Leaving my job in the middle of the school year was not easy — for the children in my class, for the kids’ parents, for my teacher colleagues and for our friends, all with whom I had become close. If we were to preserve our marriage, though, a return to Vancouver is what was required. For many years, Cathy had sacrificed much for me — now it was her turn.

2182 East 2nd Avenue, in the Grandview Woodland neighbourhood of Vancouver2182 East 2nd Avenue, in the Grandview Woodland neighbourhood of Vancouver

My father had found us a house at 2182 East 2nd Avenue, right across the street from my childhood home, and nearby Garden Park. Our furniture was moved down in two big trucks. I left in the first truck, Cathy in the second truck a few days behind, as she wrapped up our affairs where we had lived for the previous 2½ years. The second truck arrived at our home on East 2nd Avenue on January 1st, our belongings were disgorged from the truck, and preparations were made to set up home in our new surroundings.
Odd thing, though: Cathy never moved into that home on East 2nd Avenue.
Megan was all of eight months old at that time, while Jude was 2½ years. Cathy took Megan, who was still nursing, and moved in with a friend. I was left with Jude. Now, Cathy had a history of long standing for leaving for weeks at a time, only to return home as if she’d never been gone, our relationship returning to the bliss that had almost always been the case.
Although we weren’t living together, we still communicated every day.

Simon Fraser University in the 1970s

Before returning to Vancouver, Cathy had enrolled me in classes at Simon Fraser, and in early January despite the upset of Cathy’s and my unusual relationship, I began school. Cathy was unwilling to care for Jude, would keep Megan only because Megan was still nursing, Cathy advising me to find child care for Jude. I was unable to secure child care for Jude up at SFU, but was able to find child care at nearby Grandview Terrace DayCare (not the child care centre in Grandview Woodland that goes by that name today), on East 7th Avenue, just north of Vancouver Community College. I would drop Jude off at 8am, head off to classes on Burnaby Mountain, returning to pick him up at 5pm. The routine worked, and we were fine.
A couple of weeks into my new school year, and Jude’s tenure in his first child care centre, when picking him up from daycare one afternoon, upon entering the child care facility, I became aware of the supervisor of the centre roughly manhandling a crying three year old boy, and was even more startled to see her slamming the distraught young boy against a wall.
I immediately moved to intervene on the boy’s behalf, expressing grave concern to the daycare supervisor on her rough treatment of the boy. The supervisor turned to me and told me to “Fuck off,” threatening that if I didn’t step back that my own son would be subject to similar treatment.

Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University

An aside, in addition to holding a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science, Sociology and Anthropology, I also have a Bachelor of Education, with a specialty in Early Childhood Education, and was granted and held a daycare supervisor’s certificate, awarded automatically to all those graduating with an ECE BEd. I knew what I saw was wrong. I had noticed rough treatment of the children earlier, while dropping Jude off in the morning, but nothing as injurious and alarming as I’d witnessed that chilly, unnerving afternoon.
As I was preparing Jude to leave, putting on his coat and galoshes (it was winter, after all), I witnessed the daycare supervisor pulling a small chair out from under a young girl, and saw the same supervisor kick, yell at and threaten another child. Again, I intervened on behalf of the abused children, and again was told to “Fuck off” by the supervisor. A couple of parents present to pick up their children, and two other child care workers saw both the conduct of the supervisor, our interaction, and her response.
Jude and I exited Grandview Terrace DayCare as quickly as we could.
Upon arriving home, I called Cathy and told her of what had happened that afternoon at Jude’s daycare centre. Here’s what Cathy had to say …

“Pull him out of that daycare, don’t go back there again. Find him new child care.” I expressed concern to Cathy about the welfare of the other children enrolled at Grandview Terrace, to which Cathy responded, “It’s none of your business. You’re always tilting at windmills, looking for problems to fix. You have this ‘save the world’ complex that, although I found it moral in the early years of our marriage, I now find it tiresome. Pull Jude out of Grandview Terrace, find him new child care, and leave it at that. Get on with your life, go to school, and let someone else fix the problem. Jude’s not going back there, so it’s no longer your concern.”

I was dumbfounded at Cathy’s instruction — as my wife of nearly a decade, and given my activism on child care issues, she had to know that I wouldn’t just walk away; it simply wasn’t then and isn’t now and to this day in my nature to walk away when any person, child or otherwise, is in jeopardy.
Within 48 hours I’d secured new child care arrangements for Jude, at Hastings Townsite Child Care, run by a young woman named Sue Stables.
Contrary to Cathy’s instruction to me, I did not forget what I’d witnessed three days previous at Grandview Terrace, on East 7th Avenue. I made arrangements to speak with the Grandview Terrace supervisor, meeting with her one afternoon. Upon entering the facility, I again witnessed her abusing a child, in fact several children, before moving over to meet with me. Again, I expressed a concern respecting her “handling” of the children, and again I was told to “Fuck off.” An unsatisfactory response all around.
I had a list of the Grandview Terrace parent phone numbers, and a Board of Directors membership list. I contacted the President of the Board that evening, and made arrangements to meet with the Board later in the week. I met with the Board, told them of what I had witnessed, expressing concern as to the welfare of their children. The Board members listened intently, with the Board President, a man, finally speaking up, asking …

“What do you want us to do about it? Sometimes children get out hand. Sometimes children need a little bit of rough justice. We know how the supervisor approaches her job, and we approve. Quite obviously, you don’t, and you’ve pulled your child from Grandview Terrace. As a parent group, and speaking on behalf of the Board, we’re quite happy with the existing circumstance, and will do nothing to respond to your concerns, because they are not concerns that we share. Now, if you could just leave so that we can get on with other business, we’d all appreciate it.”

I spoke with Cathy that evening, told her that I’d met with the Grandview Terrace Board, to which she responded angrily, “I told you, it’s none of your business. If the parents are happy with what’s going on, let it go.”
Anyone who knows me would know that I would not “let it go,” never have, never will. Children’s well-being was in jeopardy, and I wasn’t going to walk away. The very next day, I made arrangements to meet with the supervisor of Daycare Information, an office operated by the Ministry of Human Resources. As it happened, I knew the supervisor, a woman with whom I’d worked closely in the co-operative movement some years earlier, and with whom I’d worked toward creating child care in British Columbia.
My friend and former colleague listened to what I had to say, and after asking me a few follow-up questions, she committed to the conduct of an investigation into my concerns. Over the coming months, the two of us kept in touch, working together from time to time. The results of the investigation were published, and made public, in November 1978.

child-abuse.jpg

Note should be made that there was no reporting legislation on issues related to child abuse, and the Socred administration of the day was not about to bring in any such legislation. People turned a blind eye to child abuse, including teachers, who throughout the 1970s (and earlier), 1980s and early 1990s in British Columbia were not allowed to report child abuse, or intervene on behalf of a child, as instructed by district administrators, arising from a fear of suit being brought against school districts by irate parents. The same discouraging ethos existed in the realm of child care.
In point of fact, it wasn’t until 1993 in British Columbia that a BC NDP government made it the law that adults witnessing, or who were aware of, child abuse would be compelled by law, and under penalty, to report it.

Child abuse often goes unreported, which was particularly so prior to the 1990s

Here’s what occurred from the time of my reporting to Daycare Information on what I had witnessed at Grandview Terrace Daycare

1. A Daycare Information staff person was sent to meet with the supervisor, her staff, and members of the Board at Grandview Terrace. Each denied any wrongdoing, and were unco-operative with the Daycare Information staff person, as was recorded in the final report;

2. An undercover investigator was assigned to work at the Grandview Terrace, as a “student” from Langara’s Child Care Programme on a work practicum. The investigator brought both audio and video equipment with them. Over a period of six weeks, video was filmed of the ongoing abuse of the children enrolled in the centre by all three child care staff, as well as by parents;

3. By April, Daycare Information secured a Court Order removing the daycare supervisor and child care staff from the centre, as well as the members of the Board of Directors. An administrator was assigned to run the affairs of the child care centre, and a new supervisor and staff were hired and installed;

4. The Vancouver Police Department and the Ministry of Human Resources worked together to further investigate what had been occurring at Grandview Terrace;

5. In June, the Crown charged the daycare supervisor with child abuse, and child endangerment; the child care staff were charged with child endangerment.

The case was brought to Court in September, the outcome of which was this: the supervisor was found guilty on both charges, but given a conditional discharge and a probationary period of five years. The lawyer for the daycare supervisor and the Crown made a joint recommendation to the Court on the conditional discharge that would stipulate that the supervisor would never again work in any capacity with children, not as a child care worker, a teacher or in any other capacity in which she might come into contact with children. The judge so ordered.
The abusive and unrepentant child care supervisor continued to maintain that she had done nothing wrong, and proved as verbally abusive to investigators as she had been with the children. At no point did the supervisor admit wrongdoing, or come anywhere close to accepting responsibility for placing the safety interests of children in jeopardy.
The two other child care staff were given an absolute discharge, and instructed that they could return to work in child care only if they were to complete a one-year child care course at Langara College, under the strict supervision of the administrator of that programme.
The Ministry of Human Resources apprehended three children who had been enrolled at Grandview Terrace, agreeing to return the children to their parents on the condition that the parents enroll and complete a three-month parenting course provided by the Ministry, their children to be returned only on the satisfactory completion of the course. Such was ordered by the Courts, and it was carried out in full I was to learn later.
The remaining parents who had been aware of what had transpired at Grandview Terrace but had done nothing to intervene to maintain the welfare of the children enrolled at the child care centre were also ordered to take the parenting course, the order also stipulating that each of these latter parents must meet with a social worker from Daycare Information once a week in each of the coming three months.
Throughout the entirety of the process above, Cathy was adamant that, as she said … “You stuck your nose where it didn’t belong,” adding, “I don’t know what it is with this complex you seem to have where you feel the need to rescue the world, but I’m sick and tired of it.”
In the early years of our marriage, the refrain I heard daily from Cathy …

“You are the best person I have ever known. You are kind, and honourable and a good person. I know that anything that you set out to do will be the right thing, the moral thing. I trust your judgement in all matters, I love you, and I will always support you in whatever you do, whatever cause you champion.”

I sometimes think that for the years of our marriage, Cathy created something of a monster, someone who truly believed he could do no wrong — which, as we all know, is impossible, because all of us are fallible, all of us no matter our good intention are likely to commit an act, however unwittingly and however unintended the consequence, will cause someone else anguish and pain, and will disrupt their lives in ways that are hurtful.

Yippies protesting on the streets of Vancouver in the 1970s

As for my activist and leftist friends, none were in the least supportive throughout the entire investigatory process and my involvement in it, as they were focused more on the “bigger picture” of social change and not, as they explained to me, “the picayune concerns of one child care centre.”
And so it is, most often with some activists on the left — it is ideology over practical concern of remediation respecting the lives of individual persons, even children, and their personal circumstance, and their personal pain.
In November, I was contacted by Daycare Information and was told that I was to be given a Humanitarian Award at the Annual General Meeting of the Early Childhood Educators Association, arising from my activism for child well-being. In fact, I was awarded the next month, in early December, where I was called a “hero” by the President of the ECE Association.
Let me be clear: there’s no heroism involved when an activist simply sets out to do the right thing, the moral thing, whatever the trying conditions that might accompany the fight for what is humane and proper, and that which serves the human interests of an individual or groups of persons.
Upon hearing of the proposed award, Cathy was no more happy with me than she had been at the outset, critical and, as it happened, well on her way to divorcing me, now leaving me with custody of both Jude and Megan.
As to my friends there was, as I expected there would be, a round of, “I knew you were doing the right thing. I’m glad to have stood by your side to offer you the support you needed these past months,” which declaration was a re-imagining of the truth, and what had actually transpired.
In the coming years, I would continue to advocate for the interests of children, both on a global scale, and as an educator working in classrooms across Metro Vancouver, often at much expense to myself, and rarely if ever with the support of my contemporaries, nor with Cathy’s support, nor for that matter the support of administrators in school districts in our region.
Throughout my life, I have always sought to do the moral thing, whatever the cost to myself — and, often, it has proved to be at great cost to me.

Broadview Housing Co-operative, 2525 Waterloo Street, in Vancouver BC | Kitsilano

At month’s end, with great reluctance I will cut back on my ongoing coverage of the 2018 Vancouver civic election, in order that I might work on the correction of a circumstance that has long been of grave concern to me. Once again, I expect little or no support for my endeavours — save, perhaps, that of my friends David Eby and Spencer Chandra Herbert, two of the most moral men I know, good and great on issues of societal concern, and much beloved by many, and just as good on issues relating to personal crises. Both are amazing men of grit and compassion, and I am fortunate to have both men “on my side” — which, as you surely must be aware if you know me at all, is not an easy task, nor one which is entered into lightly.

Tragedy on the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge | June 17, 1958

Ironworkers Memorial Bridge | June 17, 1958 | The Collapse of the Second Narrows Bridge

This past Sunday, June 17th, marked the 60th anniversary of one of the most tragic construction accidents in British Columbia history, the collapse of the Second Narrows bridge spanning Burrard Inlet. The tragedy claimed the lives of 18 workers that day, who plunged 200 feet into the swirling, twisted steel-engorged waters below, a 19th man, a diver, dying later while searching for the souls who perished that devastating Tuesday afternoon.

Sixty years on, pretty much all that remains of Vancouver’s worst industrial accident are old faded photographs, and a sign declaring the structure as the renamed, “The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows” bridge.
For me, my memory of that day will reside in me always.
Just after 3pm, I had left Mrs. Goloff’s Grade 2 class, situated in a portable along Charles Street, outside Lord Nelson Elementary School proper, to return to my home at 2165 East 2nd Avenue. Of course, as per usual, there was no one home, so I decided to stay outside and play, at what I don’t recall — but as it turned out, it didn’t matter.
Because at 3:30pm on that sunny Tuesday afternoon, rumbling thunder could be heard reverberating throughout the city, a calamitous — and, to me, frightening — earthquake shaking the ground beneath me. I recall that day as clearly as I recall my first day of school, or the passing of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, as one of the signal events of my young life.

Ironworkers Memorial Bridge | June 17, 1958 | The Collapse of the Second Narrows Bridge

Respected documentarian George Orr’s new must-see documentary on the tragedy, The Bridge, features never-before-seen, virtually pristine full colour footage of the bridge during its construction phase up until June 17th, and the immediate aftermath of the collapse, chronicled through the 16mm film coverage shot by engineer and novice filmmaker Peter Hall, a draftsman who had been hired by the Dominion Bridge Company to document the construction of the Second Narrows bridge. Up until a year ago, the footage shot by Mr. Hall lay dormant, untouched and preserved on the shelves in the study of Mr. Hall’s Vancouver Island home.
Until, that is, the day documentarian George Orr came calling on Mr. Hall.

As Ken Eisner wrote in his review of The Bridge in The Georgia Straight

In any case, Hall’s footage — burnished by time but still lively with rich, rose-hued colours — is unfailingly gorgeous. It does credit to the men who lived and died on the project, subsequently renamed the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing (not in common parlance, regardless of what CBC great Rick Cluff insists here). But the movie best comes to life at the very end, when the talking stops and snippets of his material are married to a Stompin’ Tom Connors song recalling the event.

Following two sold-out June 17th screenings of The Bridge at the Vancouver International Film Festival’s Vancity Theatre, programmer Tom Charity — responding to public demand — scheduled six additional screenings of Mr. Orr’s efficacious, illuminating and at all times moving documentary …

  • Sunday, June 24, 2018 at 12:30pm;

  • Saturday, July 7, at 1.30pm & 2:50pm;
  • Sunday, July 8, at 3.30pm & 5pm, and
  • Tuesday, July 10, at 8.40pm.

Tickets for the upcoming screenings of The Bridge are available here.

Ironworkers Memorial Bridge | June 17, 1958 | The Collapse of the Second Narrows BridgeHonestly, you must see George Orr’s The Bridge. You owe it to yourself.

Ironworkers Memorial Bridge | June 17, 1958 | The Collapse of the Second Narrows Bridge

Ironworkers Memorial Bridge | June 17, 1958 | The Collapse of the Second Narrows BridgeJune 17th, 1958, 18 workers died when, at 3:30pm, the under construction Second Narrows bridge collapsed into the waters of Burrard Inlet below. You owe it to the memory of the workers who perished that day, and to yourself, to take in one of the remaining Vancity Theatre screenings of George Orr’s moving documentary, The Bridge.

Vancouver Votes 2018 | Baseball | A Respite from the Madness

Opening night of the 2018 Vancouver Canadians baseball season at Nat Bailey Stadium

We are in the midst of grave times of momentous import, and mad times.
In our daily lives, from the time we rise at the beginning of our day, we all step up to the metaphoric ‘home-plate’. We go to our jobs, enjoy our families, and go about our daily lives. We hang in there. We press forward.
From our metaphoric use of baseball as our game, to the quintessentially Canadian food we eat at the stadium, baseball resonates deep within us. Pop culture extends and illuminates it in every far corner of our society. I grew up watching baseball, and playing it — baseball is deeply rooted within me, and on some days, good days, game days, baseball serves to act as respite from all the madness and hurt and pain that surrounds me.
Baseball: it’s not just metaphoric idioms, nor is it the crowds at Nat Bailey Stadium — although they are fine and full of good cheer, the families and the young couples filled with love that brims over with hope — nor is it the popcorn, the warm peanuts in the shell & hotdogs, the crack of the bat, the wave, the hot summer days with cold beer and upside down ice-cream helmet cups. It runs deeper. Baseball symbolizes a way of life and, for many of us, has come to act as metaphor for the human condition.
Sometimes, when I walk down the street, people drift by me in a trance-like, almost catatonic, state plugged into the broader digital collective, and oblivious to most things going on around them. There is a near-constant stream of communication fed into our brains via our smartphones and tablets, and the opiate epidemic of our time: information overload. You just can’t escape it, none of us can escape it. Because now, it’s a way of life.
And then you set about to attend a Vancouver Canadians baseball game at Nat Bailey, and upon arrival at the stadium and having taken your seat, you hear someone near you marveling over a ball that was just hit deep into the outfield, and how it bounced off the wall, and ricocheted away from the left fielder. And for just a moment you are transported, life is transcended.

‘Filmed’ with an iPhone, the camera work a bit shaky. Vancouver Canadians baseball.

And sitting back on the uncomfortable benches, you take a moment to gaze upon the perfectly manicured, cross-hatched, green grass on the field reflecting the sunlight. And the shadows from the stadium’s upper façade slowly overtaking the rest of the diamond from earlier innings. You see the Canadians pitcher’s pre-pitch routine unfolding, as he nervously spins the ball in his hand, adjusts the brim of his cap so it sits just off to the left of his head. And for one very special moment, there is a hush in the crowd.
Then the gangly young batter comes up to the plate, some 19-year-old kid from Texas with dreams of “the show”, setting about to rap the bat against his cleats to shake loose the dirt stuck in the heel. Stepping up to the plate, he looks directly at the pitcher as if to say, “Give me your best. I can take it, and knock the ball clear out of the stadium, into tomorrow and beyond.”
For many of us, baseball offers us refuge from the madness of our times, because it’s antithetical to the way much of life is today, antithetical to the never-ending flood of rage that we have come to accept as the new normal.
During a baseball game there’s no Trump, no surtax protesting rich folks, no developers, no rank unfairness, no despair, no railing against social injustice, hurt, wont, regretful child poverty and need — not that these issues recede into the background, for they are always there and of present concern — but amidst the madness of our days, there is at times just baseball & you, running to first base, stealing second, watching home runs sail over the far green fence, double plays, curveballs, sinkers & sliders.
Baseball. It’s nice and slow, and easy and safe. And some days, game day, that works just fine for me, and I’m willing to wager, it will for you, too.

Twenty years ago this week, Kevin Costner’s Field of Dreams was released into theatres

Vancouver Votes 2018 | Battle for 58 West Hastings

The Battle for 58 West Hastings | Vancouver, British Columbia | Our Homes Can't Wait2018 COPE Vancouver City Council must-elect candidate Jean Swanson (middle), at City Hall

At 58 West Hastings, across the street from the Army & Navy, there exists in relation to that property, a tale of treachery and political malfeasance, the likes of which our town has rarely witnessed in its 132-year history.
An unconscionable transgressive act of deceit, civic malpractice and faithlessness, as demonstrated by our current Vision Vancouver civic administration, upon vulnerable persons resident in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside (DTES) neighbourhood, an unconscionable failure to act in good faith, continues to deny some of our city’s most vulnerable and needful residents of what they most desire, and which most every person reading VanRamblings today takes for granted, as a human right: a home.
Yesterday morning, activists, journalists and persons of conscience Nathan Crompton, Steffanie Ling and Caitlin Shane published an expansive chronicle on the sorry history of 58 West Hastings, in a story titled Battle for 58 West Hastings: Broken Promises and Co-optation, 2016-2018.
Today, I have linked above to The Mainlander story, a chronicle that is a must-and-a-compelling read, constituting VanRamblings’ post for the day.
Battle for 58 West Hastings: Broken Promises and Co-optation, 2016-2018 commences with the following paragraph (with excerpted paragraphs from further down in the article, immediately following) …

For years, an empty lot at 58 West Hastings has been at the centre of a fight for social housing in the Downtown Eastside (DTES). Since 2007, it has been the site of numerous actions including the 2010 Olympic Tent Village, when women- and Indigenous-led tent city forced Concord Pacific to abandon its condo plans for the site, followed by a four-month tent city in the summer of 2016.

By early 2017, the 250 units promised by the mayor were reduced to a meagre 77 units — 33% of the overall project. Amidst a sea of condos, less than one hundred welfare- and pension-rate rental units are now planned for 58 West Hastings according to the City’s latest documents. These units will not be built until 2021 at the earliest.

The City’s lies and inaction on 58 W. Hastings will claim the lives of hundreds unless Mayor Robertson’s promise is followed through. We, the poor and the homeless of the Downtown Eastside will not sit idly as our elected officials deprive us of the housing we need. We are not a statistic; numbers to be counted and shuffled around in the attempt to remake the city for the rich. We will fight for our lives and our right to live with dignity. There will be no business as usual at City Hall unless our demands are met.

We in Vancouver do not live in a consequence free universe, and neither do the political figures who have controlled civic government in Vancouver these past many years.
Arising from the despair many of those who call the DTES home have felt over many, many years of frustratingly heartless government at all three levels of civic, provincial and national governance, a palpable movement for change, and change now, has arisen, an activist movement the likes of which many of us who have called Vancouver home for the past sixty and more years have not seen since the pre-and-unrealized-revolutionary days of the New Left, and the work of activists in the 1960s and 1970s.
The central tenets of the 2018 Vancouver civic election is the realization extant of the movement of change, in a call for The City We Need.

2018 Vancouver Civic Election | The Six Must-Elect Candidates for Vancouver City Council

Coalition of Progressive Electors 2018 Vancouver City Council candidates Jean Swanson, Anne Roberts and Derrick O’Keefe, the Green Party of Vancouver’s Adriane Carr and Pete Fry, and OneCity Vancouver City Council candidates Brandon Yan and Christine Boyle are committed to building The City We Need, an inclusive city, a fair and socially just city, a city for all of us and not the resort city our previous provincial government — and, perhaps even, a Vision Vancouver civic administration holding power at Vancouver City Hall this past 10 years — seemed intent on building, barring many of our citizens from realizing their most cherished hope of a living in a home in the city where they have resided all their lives.
Make no mistake: change is on the way this civic election season!

Downtown Eastside (DTES) resident activists protesting at Vancouver City Hall | Social Housing

As I say above, Battle for 58 West Hastings: Broken Promises and Co-optation, 2016-2018 is a compelling, must-read for all Vancouver citizens.

Battle for 58 West Hastings: Broken Promises and Co-optation, 2016-2018